The year 1881 is generally declared the beginning of technological change in the logging industry. Up until then, men, oxen and horses carried the load.
In that year, in Eureka, California, John Dolbeer applied for a patent for the steam donkey engine. Early loggers gave it that humble name because the original model looked too puny to be rated in horsepower.
Back in 1864, Dolbeer, a very successful mill worker, became a partner with logger William Carson in Humboldt County. Together they built a logging empire called Dolbeer & Carson.
Dolbeer’s donkey was actually patented in 1882. It evolved through even more labor-saving changes including a “haul back line” through a pulley attached to a stump that eventually put the horse out of business.
His donkey engine sat on heavy wooden skids. It was an upright wood-burning boiler with a stovepipe on top that was attached to a one-cylinder engine, which drove a revolving horizontal drive-shaft with capstan spools at each end for winding rope.
Operating an early Dolbeer donkey required three men, a boy and a horse.
One man, the “choker-setter,” attached the line to a log; an engineer or “donkey puncher,” tended the steam engine; and a “spool tender” guided the whirring line over the spool with a short stick. The boy, called a whistle punk, manned a communicating wire running from the choker setter’s position out among the logs to a steam whistle on the donkey engine.
Occasionally a novice Spool Tender would try using his foot instead of a stick. When he returned from the hospital, he would use his new wooden leg instead.
When the Choker Setter had secured the line running from the spool, the Whistle Punk tugged his whistle wire as a signal to the engineer that the log was ready to be hauled in. As soon as one log was in, or “yarded,” it was detached from the line; then the horse hauled the line back from the donkey engine to the waiting Choker Setter and the next log.
By the turn of the century, donkeys were mounted on barges to herd raft of logs and “bull donkeys” lowered entire trains of log cars down steep inclines, all with the help of iron and then steel wire cable that replaced the original ropes.